identifying hypotheses, independent and dependent variables, and methods used to test hypotheses from published scholarship

For each of the pairs of articles, you will answer questions that summarize the following:
A.    What is the dependent variable?
B.    What is the independent variable?
C.    What does the author(s) hypothesize is the relationship between the independent and dependent variables?
D.  What are some alternative explanations for explaining variation in the dependent variable?
E.    How does the author test their/her hypotheses?
F.What does the author find?
G.  What is the connection between the two articles? Why does one cite the other?